Pengujian UI Otomatis pada Server Mac: XCTest, Appium & Selenium

Mengapa Hardware Khusus untuk Pengujian?

Pengujian UI pada mesin bersama atau lokal menimbulkan ketidakstabilan, inkonsistensi, dan bottleneck. Server build Mac mini M4 khusus mengatasi masalah-masalah ini.

XCTest pada Mac Khusus

XCTest adalah framework pengujian bawaan Apple, yang disertakan dengan Xcode. XCUITest memperluasnya untuk pengujian UI. Keduanya berjalan secara native dan tidak memerlukan setup tambahan selain Xcode.

Menjalankan XCTest dari Command Line

# Use any device listed by: xcrun simctl list devices available
# Run all unit tests
xcodebuild test \
  -workspace MyApp.xcworkspace \
  -scheme MyApp \
  -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPhone 17,OS=latest' \
  -resultBundlePath ./TestResults/UnitTests.xcresult

# Run only UI tests
xcodebuild test \
  -workspace MyApp.xcworkspace \
  -scheme MyAppUITests \
  -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPhone 17,OS=latest' \
  -resultBundlePath ./TestResults/UITests.xcresult

# Run a specific test class
xcodebuild test \
  -workspace MyApp.xcworkspace \
  -scheme MyApp \
  -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPhone 17' \
  -only-testing:MyAppTests/LoginTests

# Run a specific test method
xcodebuild test \
  -workspace MyApp.xcworkspace \
  -scheme MyApp \
  -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPhone 17' \
  -only-testing:MyAppTests/LoginTests/testSuccessfulLogin

Pengujian pada Beberapa Destinasi

# Test on multiple iPhone models simultaneously
# (each name must exist in: xcrun simctl list devices available;
#  create a missing one with: xcrun simctl create "iPhone 16e" "iPhone 16e")
xcodebuild test \
  -workspace MyApp.xcworkspace \
  -scheme MyApp \
  -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPhone 17' \
  -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPhone 17 Pro Max' \
  -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPhone 16e' \
  -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPad Pro 13-inch (M4)' \
  -resultBundlePath ./TestResults/MultiDevice.xcresult

# List all available destinations
xcodebuild -showdestinations \
  -workspace MyApp.xcworkspace \
  -scheme MyApp

Result Bundle dan Screenshot

# Test results summary as JSON (Xcode 16 and later)
xcrun xcresulttool get test-results summary \
  --path ./TestResults/UITests.xcresult

# Every test with its result
xcrun xcresulttool get test-results tests \
  --path ./TestResults/UITests.xcresult

# Export test attachments (screenshots, videos)
xcrun xcresulttool export attachments \
  --path ./TestResults/UITests.xcresult \
  --output-path ./TestArtifacts

Setup Appium untuk iOS

Appium adalah framework otomasi open-source yang memungkinkan Anda menulis pengujian dalam bahasa apa pun (Python, JavaScript, Java, dll.) dan menjalankannya terhadap aplikasi iOS pada simulator atau perangkat. Ia menggunakan driver XCUITest milik Apple di baliknya.

Instal Appium pada Server Mac Anda

# Install Node.js via Homebrew
brew install node

# Install Appium globally (npm installs the latest release)
npm install -g appium

# Install the XCUITest driver for iOS
appium driver install xcuitest

# Verify installation
appium --version
appium driver list --installed

# Check the driver's requirements (Xcode, WebDriverAgent, etc.)
appium driver doctor xcuitest

# Start Appium server
appium server --address 127.0.0.1 --port 4723

Mengonfigurasi Desired Capabilities

# Example capabilities (JSON format, Appium 2 and later)
# The Simulator is picked by name; add "appium:platformVersion"
# to pin a specific iOS version
{
    "platformName": "iOS",
    "appium:automationName": "XCUITest",
    "appium:deviceName": "iPhone 17",
    "appium:app": "/path/to/MyApp.app",
    "appium:noReset": false,
    "appium:wdaStartupRetries": 3,
    "appium:wdaStartupRetryInterval": 20000,
    "appium:simulatorStartupTimeout": 120000
}

Contoh Pengujian Appium (Python)

# Install Appium Python client
# pip install Appium-Python-Client

from appium import webdriver
from appium.options.ios import XCUITestOptions
from appium.webdriver.common.appiumby import AppiumBy

# Configure options
options = XCUITestOptions()
options.platform_name = "iOS"
options.device_name = "iPhone 17"
# Optional: options.platform_version pins a specific iOS version
options.app = "/path/to/MyApp.app"

# Connect to Appium server
driver = webdriver.Remote(
    command_executor="http://127.0.0.1:4723",
    options=options
)

try:
    # Wait for app to load
    driver.implicitly_wait(10)

    # Find and tap login button
    login_button = driver.find_element(
        AppiumBy.ACCESSIBILITY_ID, "loginButton"
    )
    login_button.click()

    # Enter username
    username_field = driver.find_element(
        AppiumBy.ACCESSIBILITY_ID, "usernameField"
    )
    username_field.send_keys("testuser@example.com")

    # Enter password
    password_field = driver.find_element(
        AppiumBy.ACCESSIBILITY_ID, "passwordField"
    )
    password_field.send_keys("password123")

    # Submit login
    submit_button = driver.find_element(
        AppiumBy.ACCESSIBILITY_ID, "submitButton"
    )
    submit_button.click()

    # Verify welcome screen
    welcome_label = driver.find_element(
        AppiumBy.ACCESSIBILITY_ID, "welcomeLabel"
    )
    assert "Welcome" in welcome_label.text

    print("Test PASSED: Login successful")

finally:
    driver.quit()

Contoh Pengujian Appium (JavaScript)

// npm install webdriverio @wdio/cli

const { remote } = require('webdriverio');

async function runTest() {
    const driver = await remote({
        protocol: 'http',
        hostname: '127.0.0.1',
        port: 4723,
        path: '/',
        capabilities: {
            platformName: 'iOS',
            'appium:automationName': 'XCUITest',
            'appium:deviceName': 'iPhone 17',
            'appium:app': '/path/to/MyApp.app'
        }
    });

    try {
        // Tap login button
        const loginBtn = await driver.$('~loginButton');
        await loginBtn.click();

        // Enter credentials
        const username = await driver.$('~usernameField');
        await username.setValue('testuser@example.com');

        const password = await driver.$('~passwordField');
        await password.setValue('password123');

        // Submit
        const submit = await driver.$('~submitButton');
        await submit.click();

        // Verify
        const welcome = await driver.$('~welcomeLabel');
        const text = await welcome.getText();
        console.assert(text.includes('Welcome'), 'Login test failed');

        console.log('Test PASSED: Login successful');
    } finally {
        await driver.deleteSession();
    }
}

runTest();

Selenium untuk Safari

macOS menyertakan Safari dan safaridriver secara bawaan. Tidak perlu mengunduh driver browser tambahan, tidak seperti Chrome atau Firefox pada platform lain.

Mengaktifkan safaridriver

# Enable the Safari WebDriver (one-time setup)
safaridriver --enable

# Verify safaridriver is working
safaridriver --version

# For headless-like automation, enable "Allow Remote Automation"
# in Safari > Settings > Advanced > Show Develop menu
# Then: Develop > Allow Remote Automation
# Or via command line:
defaults write com.apple.Safari AllowRemoteAutomation 1

Pengujian Safari Selenium (Python)

# pip install selenium

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

# Create Safari driver
driver = webdriver.Safari()

try:
    # Navigate to your web app
    driver.get("https://your-webapp.com")

    # Wait for page to load
    wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)

    # Find and click a button
    login_link = wait.until(
        EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CSS_SELECTOR, "a.login-btn"))
    )
    login_link.click()

    # Fill in form
    email_input = wait.until(
        EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "email"))
    )
    email_input.send_keys("test@example.com")

    password_input = driver.find_element(By.ID, "password")
    password_input.send_keys("testpassword")

    # Submit form
    submit_btn = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "button[type='submit']")
    submit_btn.click()

    # Verify redirect to dashboard
    wait.until(EC.url_contains("/dashboard"))
    assert "/dashboard" in driver.current_url

    print("Test PASSED: Safari login flow works correctly")

finally:
    driver.quit()

Pengujian Safari Selenium (JavaScript)

// npm install selenium-webdriver

const { Builder, By, until } = require('selenium-webdriver');

async function safariTest() {
    const driver = await new Builder()
        .forBrowser('safari')
        .build();

    try {
        await driver.get('https://your-webapp.com');

        // Click login
        const loginBtn = await driver.findElement(By.css('a.login-btn'));
        await loginBtn.click();

        // Fill form
        const email = await driver.findElement(By.id('email'));
        await email.sendKeys('test@example.com');

        const password = await driver.findElement(By.id('password'));
        await password.sendKeys('testpassword');

        // Submit
        const submit = await driver.findElement(
            By.css("button[type='submit']")
        );
        await submit.click();

        // Verify
        await driver.wait(until.urlContains('/dashboard'), 10000);
        const url = await driver.getCurrentUrl();
        console.assert(url.includes('/dashboard'));

        console.log('Test PASSED: Safari login flow works');
    } finally {
        await driver.quit();
    }
}

safariTest();

Eksekusi Pengujian Paralel

Menjalankan pengujian secara paralel secara dramatis mengurangi total waktu eksekusi suite pengujian Anda. Mac Mini M4 Pro dapat dengan nyaman menjalankan 4-6 instance Simulator secara bersamaan.

Pengujian Paralel XCTest

# Enable parallel testing with xcodebuild
xcodebuild test \
  -workspace MyApp.xcworkspace \
  -scheme MyApp \
  -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPhone 17' \
  -parallel-testing-enabled YES \
  -parallel-testing-worker-count 4 \
  -resultBundlePath ./TestResults/Parallel.xcresult

# Parallel testing across multiple device types
xcodebuild test \
  -workspace MyApp.xcworkspace \
  -scheme MyApp \
  -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPhone 17' \
  -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPhone 16e' \
  -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPad Pro 13-inch (M4)' \
  -parallel-testing-enabled YES \
  -resultBundlePath ./TestResults/MultiDeviceParallel.xcresult

Mengelola Instance Simulator

# List all available simulators
xcrun simctl list devices available

# Create custom simulator instances for testing
# (without a runtime argument, simctl uses the newest iOS runtime)
xcrun simctl create "Test-iPhone-1" "iPhone 17"
xcrun simctl create "Test-iPhone-2" "iPhone 17"
xcrun simctl create "Test-iPhone-3" "iPhone 17"
xcrun simctl create "Test-iPhone-4" "iPhone 17"

# Boot multiple simulators
xcrun simctl boot "Test-iPhone-1"
xcrun simctl boot "Test-iPhone-2"
xcrun simctl boot "Test-iPhone-3"
xcrun simctl boot "Test-iPhone-4"

# Check booted simulators
xcrun simctl list devices booted

# Shut down all simulators
xcrun simctl shutdown all

# Delete all test simulators
xcrun simctl delete "Test-iPhone-1"
xcrun simctl delete "Test-iPhone-2"
xcrun simctl delete "Test-iPhone-3"
xcrun simctl delete "Test-iPhone-4"

Performa Pengujian Paralel

Integrasi CI/CD

Integrasikan pengujian otomatis Anda ke dalam pipeline CI/CD untuk eksekusi pengujian otomatis pada setiap push, pull request, atau interval terjadwal.

Workflow GitHub Actions untuk Pengujian Otomatis

# .github/workflows/ios-tests.yml
name: iOS Automated Tests

on:
  push:
    branches: [ main, develop ]
  pull_request:
    branches: [ main ]
  schedule:
    # Nightly regression tests at 2 AM UTC
    - cron: '0 2 * * *'

env:
  # Xcode for every job, no sudo needed (path from: xcodes installed)
  DEVELOPER_DIR: /Applications/Xcode-27.0.0.app/Contents/Developer

jobs:
  unit-tests:
    name: Unit Tests
    runs-on: self-hosted
    timeout-minutes: 30

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Resolve dependencies
        run: |
          xcodebuild -resolvePackageDependencies \
            -workspace MyApp.xcworkspace \
            -scheme MyApp

      - name: Run unit tests
        run: |
          xcodebuild test \
            -workspace MyApp.xcworkspace \
            -scheme MyApp \
            -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPhone 17,OS=latest' \
            -parallel-testing-enabled YES \
            -resultBundlePath ${{ runner.temp }}/UnitTests.xcresult

      - name: Upload test results
        if: always()
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: unit-test-results
          path: ${{ runner.temp }}/UnitTests.xcresult

  ui-tests:
    name: UI Tests
    runs-on: self-hosted
    timeout-minutes: 60
    needs: unit-tests

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Boot simulators for parallel testing
        run: |
          xcrun simctl boot "iPhone 17" || true
          xcrun simctl boot "iPhone 16e" || true

      - name: Run UI tests in parallel
        run: |
          xcodebuild test \
            -workspace MyApp.xcworkspace \
            -scheme MyAppUITests \
            -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPhone 17' \
            -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPhone 16e' \
            -parallel-testing-enabled YES \
            -parallel-testing-worker-count 4 \
            -resultBundlePath ${{ runner.temp }}/UITests.xcresult

      - name: Upload test results
        if: always()
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: ui-test-results
          path: ${{ runner.temp }}/UITests.xcresult

      - name: Cleanup simulators
        if: always()
        run: xcrun simctl shutdown all

Menjalankan Pengujian Appium di CI

# Add to your GitHub Actions workflow
      - name: Start Appium server
        run: |
          appium server --address 127.0.0.1 --port 4723 &
          sleep 5
          curl http://127.0.0.1:4723/status

      - name: Build app for testing
        run: |
          xcodebuild build-for-testing \
            -workspace MyApp.xcworkspace \
            -scheme MyApp \
            -destination 'generic/platform=iOS Simulator'

      - name: Run Appium tests
        run: |
          cd tests/appium
          pip install -r requirements.txt
          pytest test_login.py test_checkout.py \
            --junitxml=results.xml -v

      - name: Stop Appium server
        if: always()
        run: pkill -f appium || true

Pelaporan Pengujian

Hasilkan dan proses laporan pengujian untuk melacak tren kualitas dan dengan cepat mengidentifikasi pengujian yang gagal.

Bekerja dengan Bundle xcresult

# Test results summary as JSON (Xcode 16 and later)
xcrun xcresulttool get test-results summary \
  --path ./TestResults.xcresult

# Results of every test, then the details of one of them
# (TEST_ID: an identifier printed by the tests command)
xcrun xcresulttool get test-results tests \
  --path ./TestResults.xcresult
xcrun xcresulttool get test-results test-details \
  --test-id "TEST_ID" \
  --path ./TestResults.xcresult

# Export all attachments (screenshots, logs)
xcrun xcresulttool export attachments \
  --path ./TestResults.xcresult \
  --output-path ./artifacts

# Merge multiple xcresult bundles
xcrun xcresulttool merge \
  ./UnitTests.xcresult \
  ./UITests.xcresult \
  --output-path ./MergedResults.xcresult

Mengonversi ke JUnit XML

JUnit XML adalah format universal yang didukung oleh platform CI/CD, integrasi Slack, dan dashboard pengujian.

# Option 1: write JUnit XML while the tests run (xcbeautify)
brew install xcbeautify
set -o pipefail && xcodebuild test \
  -workspace MyApp.xcworkspace \
  -scheme MyApp \
  -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPhone 17' \
  -resultBundlePath ./TestResults/Tests.xcresult \
  | xcbeautify --report junit --report-path ./reports
# Writes ./reports/junit.xml

# Option 2: convert existing .xcresult bundles with fastlane's
# trainer action (path: the folder that holds them)
fastlane run trainer path:"./TestResults" output_directory:"./reports"

# The generated JUnit XML works with:
# - GitHub Actions test summaries
# - Jenkins Test Result plugin
# - GitLab CI test reporting
# - Slack notifications via CI integrations

Screenshot saat Kegagalan

// In your XCUITest, add screenshot capture on failure:
// XCTestCase+Screenshots.swift

import XCTest

extension XCTestCase {
    override func tearDown() {
        if testRun?.hasSucceeded == false {
            let screenshot = XCUIScreen.main.screenshot()
            let attachment = XCTAttachment(screenshot: screenshot)
            attachment.name = "Failure-\(name)"
            attachment.lifetime = .keepAlways
            add(attachment)
        }
        super.tearDown()
    }
}

Praktik Terbaik

// In your XCUITest setUp() method:
override func setUp() {
    super.setUp()
    continueAfterFailure = false

    let app = XCUIApplication()
    app.launchArguments = ["--uitesting", "--reset-state"]
    app.launchEnvironment = [
        "DISABLE_ANIMATIONS": "1",
        "UI_TEST_MODE": "true"
    ]
    app.launch()
}

#!/bin/bash
# cleanup-simulators.sh - Run before and after test suites

# Shutdown all running simulators
xcrun simctl shutdown all

# Erase all simulator content and settings
xcrun simctl erase all

# Delete unavailable simulators
xcrun simctl delete unavailable

# Clear DerivedData
rm -rf ~/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/*

# Clear simulator logs
rm -rf ~/Library/Logs/CoreSimulator/*

echo "Simulator cleanup complete"

// In your AppDelegate or App struct:
#if DEBUG
if CommandLine.arguments.contains("--uitesting") {
    UIView.setAnimationsEnabled(false)
}
#endif

// Also disable Simulator animations via command line:
// Set Simulator > Debug > Slow Animations = OFF
defaults write com.apple.iphonesimulator SlowMotionAnimation -bool NO

# Run each failing test up to 3 times in total
xcodebuild test \
  -workspace MyApp.xcworkspace \
  -scheme MyAppUITests \
  -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPhone 17' \
  -retry-tests-on-failure \
  -test-iterations 3 \
  -resultBundlePath ./TestResults.xcresult

# Add to crontab for daily cleanup at midnight
# crontab -e
0 0 * * * /usr/local/bin/cleanup-test-artifacts.sh

# cleanup-test-artifacts.sh
#!/bin/bash
# Remove test results older than 7 days
find ~/TestResults -name "*.xcresult" -mtime +7 -delete

# Remove DerivedData older than 3 days
find ~/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData \
  -maxdepth 1 -mtime +3 -exec rm -rf {} +

# Remove old simulator logs
find ~/Library/Logs/CoreSimulator -mtime +3 -delete

# Check remaining disk space
df -h / | tail -1

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